Evolution, Natural Selection, Mutation, And Geologic Time

Many people think that evolution is a myth. What is your thought? I am going to tell you why it is actually not a myth. There are many reasons why evolution is true, but I am only going to use three of them. Natural selection, mutation, and geologic time. Natural selection; Darwin’s natural selection has by individuals better adapted to their environment with survival and reproductive success. (Than, 2005) Variation is an example of Natural Selection. Variation shows that the outcome of an organism changes. The outcome will be found by existing genetics and there will not be any invented characteristics. As a result of variation varieties that have long tails or shorter tails may appear in certain species’ gene pool. (____________). With that being said though that is not saying that variations can change a bird into a reptile. Heredity is another way natural selection plays a part in evolution. Heredity is the passing on a physical or mental characteristic genetically from one generation to another. Humans are an example of heredity, by children get genes from their parents. When you look at the genes from both your parents, they are not the same. Parents genes change over time, to show this look at a family with two k ids, they I’ll not have the exact same genes, because the kid s genes will have some of the different parental genes but some will be the same. Which is why the two kids can look similar. People that do not believe in evolution would use the argumentShow MoreRelatedEvolution And Evolution Of Evolution1514 Words   |  7 PagesEvolution is defined as a genetic change in population or species over generations. Evolution by natural selection is a very important concept in biology since it lays the foundation of evolutionary thought of how organisms have developed gradually over a long period of time. The ideas of evolution were not accepted until Charles Darwin published his book â€Å"On the Origins of Species by Means of Natural Selection† in 1859. Before the evolutionary thought, people believed that all organisms were createdRead MoreEvolution Of A Evolutionary Theory1500 Words   |  6 PagesEvolution is descent with modification, a phrase Darwin used in proposing the at Earth’s many species are descendants of ancestral species that were different The power of evolution as a unifying theory is its ability to explain and connect a vast array of observations about the living world. Aristotle believed that life forms could be arranged on a scale of increasing complexity. Each form of life, perfect and permanent, had its allotted space. Darwin argued that classification should be based onRead MoreEvolution And Evolution Of Evolution1328 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is the theory of evolution? Many people who don’t understand science or Biology don’t know how to answer this question. â€Å"Evolution is the process of biological change by which descendants come to differ from their ancestors.† In our society today, there is many conflicts that exist between creationism which is the belief that a higher power created the Earth and made living things and the theory of evolution. Some people are debating whether to teach evolution in schools because theRead MoreDarwin s Theory Of Evolution1620 Words   |  7 Pagestheory of evolution by natural selection through his book called ‘On the Origin of Species’. The book was released in 1859 and it explained the process of how organisms changed over time through the result of changes in heritable physical or behavioural traits. These changes allow an organism to adapt to the environment that it inhabits so that the organism’s chances of survival improve and produce more offspring (Than, 2015). However, biological evolution does not simply mean a change over time. It isRead MoreEvolution And Evolution Of Evolution1940 Words   |  8 PagesEvolution is the concept published by Charles Darwin that organisms change over time. Evolution transpires by natural selection, which is the process where an organism with beneficial traits, or fitness, produces more offspring than organisms with non-beneficial traits. Over time, this creates organism s that are more adapted to survive for whatever place they are living in, because nature passes on the variations of organisms that are most useful, and with the greatest chance of surviving. In orderRead MoreEvolution Is The Biological Ideal For The History Of Life On Earth814 Words   |  4 PagesHonors Biology Kohli December 14th, 2014 Evolution Evolution is the biological ideal for the history of life on Earth. (Evolution fact and theory). It is the process by which an organism becomes more refined over time and in response to its environment. Evolution is about how we evolved; how Neanderthals and cave men evolved into Homo sapiens much like what we are today. It’s about how creatures evolved over time, dinosaurs becoming extinct through natural selection and how sharks have been alive for overRead MoreNatural Beauty. Inherent Curiosity Remains As A Foundation1392 Words   |  6 PagesNatural Beauty Inherent curiosity remains as a foundation to human questioning of place among the cosmos. History itself is the factor of which the human populace must stand to learn from to return knowledge of the present environment. As such, history must be cross examined to its full potential to garner what is truth from falsehood. Upon such examinations, it remains clear that the evolutionary standpoint of the advancement of life on Earth presents itself as the ideal choice versus its opponentsRead MoreThe Emergence Of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria934 Words   |  4 Pages Evolution is a gradual process in which something changes into a different and usually more complex or better form. Charles Darwin proposed a theory, now called the Theory of Evolution, stating that animals differentiated into species when the survivors of a changing environment were able to pass their genetic traits to their offspring. The theory of evolution is a scientific theory that can be tested by observations and ap plication of the scientific method. Support for the theory of evolution isRead MoreEvolution Of Evolution And Evolution2000 Words   |  8 Pages Title: Evolution Author: Annette Gonzalez December 9, 2014 Abstract: This paper will cover the topic of evolution of organisms. Evolution is the process of constant change from a lower, more simple to better, complex state (Merriam-Webster, 2014). In this essay, there are different philosophies that support the idea of evolution. For instance, there is anatomical, homology, natural selection evidence. This ideas will be explained in more detail in the body of the paperRead More Scientific Creationism Essays2492 Words   |  10 PagesSpecies where he proposed the theory of evolution for the first time. Since this radical theory was first proposed, there has been a debate over its validity and the theological implications that come with it. In order to understand the reasons why Darwins theory has caused so much debate over the past century it is first necessary to examine evolution and Darwins theories about the origin of species. Evolution is, strictly speaking, simply change over time. A biological definition is, more specifically

Fashion Promotion in 5 Years Essay - 1727 Words

What is the role of fashion promotion within the fashion industry, and how will it develop over the next 5 years? Fashion promotion is the glue that holds together everything fashion related. Its all very well having a great designer who can create stunning garments out of fabulous materials, but fashion promotion is what advertises those garments, and sells them, and puts them out there for the world to see. If there werent photographers and buyers and journalists and stylists (who are all a part fashion promotion) we wouldnt have ever seen a catwalk show, or brought a Fendi bag, or picked up a copy of VOGUE. If it wasnt for fashion promotion we could all be walking down the street in an oversized second†¦show more content†¦Along with the various different lighting effects Huene also invented his own lightening devices in order to create geometric shapes and patterns with shadows. His aim was to create the best possible lighting to represent the fashion garments on his models. Huenes photographs were dominated by illustration and were greatly influenced by sculpture. As we can see in figure 3 there is no movement; models were poised, almost static. In a general sense, Huenes style was the quint essence of early Thirties functional elegance (Ewing 1986:99) Figure 2 Figure 3 David Bailey is a fashion photographer renowned for his distinctive portrait style. Teamed with his muse Jean Shrimpton, Baileys approach to fashion photography attained him a place as a consummate professional of international standing (Harrison 1999:18). Although claimed to have turned Shrimpton into a sex icon...more urgently desirable (than) Bardot, Taylor or Monroe by Georgina Howell (Harrison 1999:21) Bailey discloses that he [only] ever tried to convey in fashion photography the spirit of a Cole Porter or a George Gershwin song hinting at a more romantic theme then what had initially been suspected. In 1979Show MoreRelatedMarketing Strategy For The New Marketing Opportunity Essay1269 Words   |  6 Pageshave an impact on the selected marketing mix e.g. economic conditions, the political or legal environment, etc? †¢ Competition: To compete in new market, company has to do marketing mix and determine market strategy for Price, Place, products and promotions. †¢ Economical factors: Is information that is necessary for determine marketing opportunity for future activities. Considering from the area and condition of the new market and also the behavior of the customer then distribution channel will beRead MoreCaroline Le Bon s Fashion Marketing Essay1402 Words   |  6 PagesCaroline Le Bon’s Fashion Marketing and Harriet Posner’s Marketing Fashion, defines fashion marketing and its elements. Fashion marketing and advertising is the process of analyzing, developing and marketing current fashion trends to satisfy consumer needs. Both or the readings discuss the role of marketing in the fashion industry and its differences to marketing other products. Fashion products are often trended items, temporary items based on design color, fabric and pattern. Le Bon and PosnerRead MoreMarketing and Malaysian Market Essay1352 Words   |  6 PagesZalora Malaysia is the largest online fashion retailer in Malaysia that offers hundreds of local and international fashion brands ranging from the high-end local designers to mass-fashion labels. With many brands offered on the website, Zalora Malaysia is able to offer reasonable price for their products sold on the website to their customers as they focused more on local brands on their website. Other than that, Zalora.com.my provides attractive promotions where price of a product may be lower thanRead MoreThe Fashion Of Fashion Blogs1530 Words   |  7 Pagesï ¼Ë†Introductionï ¼â€° This essay will argue that fashion blogger became one of the Fashion icons in this generation. At the beginning of the essay, I will explain the purpose of use fashion blogger as the topic; introduction of the society environment will be given as a support to identify the influence of fashion bloggers. After that fashion blogger’s historical and background will use SWOT analysis to conclude the environment of blogger, then I will discuss how blogger relate to fashion marketing with example. (Purpose)Read MoreCharles and Keith Analysis1729 Words   |  7 PagesCONTENT PAGE Content | Page | 1. INTRODUCTION a) Background information b) Retailing Industry | 3 | 2. ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION i. Market Segmentation ii. Marketing Strategies * Price, Promotion, Product, Place iii. SWOT analysis iv. Environmental scanning * Porter’s 5 competitive forces analysis | 4-6 | 3. REFLECTION | 6-7 | REFERENCES APPENDICES A. DBS Dialogues Tracks Charles Keith s Steps to Asia, Middle East and Europe B. Retail Sales Index, Food Read MoreCharles and Keith Analysis1729 Words   |  7 PagesCONTENT PAGE Content | Page | 1. INTRODUCTION a) Background information b) Retailing Industry | 3 | 2. ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION i. Market Segmentation ii. Marketing Strategies * Price, Promotion, Product, Place iii. SWOT analysis iv. Environmental scanning * Porter’s 5 competitive forces analysis | 4-6 | 3. REFLECTION | 6-7 | REFERENCES APPENDICES A. DBS Dialogues Tracks Charles Keiths Steps to Asia, Middle East and Europe B. Retail Sales Index, Food Read MoreMarketing Mix of Ecstasy1160 Words   |  5 Pagesleading fashion houses of Bangladesh, Ecstasy Fashion. This company is very famous for its superb quality men’s wear. Quality is the first priority of Ecstasy Fashion. From the begging to the end of this report, we have sort out how a company can be successful by performing 7ps marketing activity from the very beginning. HISTORY OF CATS EYE Ecstasy Fashion Accessories, Inc. started its operations in 1983, exporting fashion jewellery and accessories. With a solid background of 20 years in theRead MoreThe Marketing Strategy Of Sydney1507 Words   |  7 PagesFirst of all, Lapse has to promote the brand initially in order to increase the visibility and awareness of the brand from 3% to 75% in 12 months. The selection of Sydney is part of the strategy to establish the brand’s first store in one of the main fashion market in Australia. Second, create an experimental and environmentally intelligent line of clothing and accessories to serve the needs of men in order to increase the number of people who make a purchase while shopping at the markets or browsingRead MoreLa Martina Marketing Case1605 Words   |  7 PagesMartina products steadily pulled the company into the fashion mainstream, which posed a new dilemma for its growth strategy – whether to refrain from entering the fashion market and retain its niche market, or to capitalize on it. While fashion implies the prospects of fast growth and markets of scale, it could also risk compromising some of the La Martina brand values. ALTERNATIVES The first alternative Lando faces is to resist entering the fashion market and continue to focus the efforts of La MartinaRead MoreFashion, Fashion And Luxury Company1542 Words   |  7 Pagesworld as global economic recovery takes place. Both the old and the young are relying on the internet for information due to increase in technology. Chanel is an established beauty, fashion and luxury company headquartered in France. The brand was founded by Coco Chanel who was famous for revolutionizing ladies’ fashion as well as introducing timeless elegance and style. The strength of the brand also lies in Karl Lagerfeld, a cult designer, who never fails to interest the management team and consumers

Legal Environment of Business Free Essays

[pic] B?BS Legal environment of business Home Assignment Seminar leader: Margit Racz Student name: Nurl?n S. Kurm?l?y?v Contents 1. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. We will write a custom essay sample on Legal Environment of Business or any similar topic only for you Order Now . †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 2. The constitutional order of Hungary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 1. Legislation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 2. Execution tasks†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 3. Judicial power†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 3. The constitutional order of the EU†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 1. Legislation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 2. Execution tasks†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 3. Judicial power†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 4. Conclusions (similarities + differences)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 5. Reference†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 Introduction Aim Law is a system of rules usually enforced through a set of institutions. It shapes politics, economics and society in numerous ways and serves as a primary social mediator of relations between people. The aim of this assignment is to review and make comparative analysis of the constitutional order of the Republic of Hungar y and European Union. Objective of this work: Give clear understanding about the constitutional order of Hungary and European Union †¢ Highlight differences and similarities †¢ Make a conclusion The constitutional order of Hungary Legislation Hungarian Parliament is unicameral, 386 –member highest organ of the state authority who ensures the constitutional order of society and determines orientation, organization and conditions of Government. Its members are elected for four-year term. The main tasks are initiation new laws, passing laws, electing public persons and approving budget. Only Parliament has exclusive right to pass the law. After passing the laws the Speaker of Parliament sign the law and send it to President of the Hungary. The President ensures promulgation of the law. Then the law must be promulgated in the Official Gazette. The main tasks and responsibilities: †¢ Passing the law †¢ Ensures the implementation of the laws †¢ Electing public persons (President of the Republic, the Prime Minister, the General Prosecutor, the members of the Constitutional Court, the President and Vice-Presidents of the State Audit Board, the President of the Supreme Court and the ombudsmen) †¢ Approving budget Concluding international agreements †¢ Ensures the elaboration of economical, cultural and social plans and control of their implementation †¢ Coordinates the work of national organs and ministries Execution tasks Execution tasks are managed by Government. And this authority divides into two: central and local level. The central authority – is central policy-making and its main executive bodies. The members of the government are Prime Minister and the ministers. Role of the Prime Minister is very igh he is responsible for all government policies including activities of other members of the government. As a mention above he elected by Parliament. Other members also responsible for their works and must report on their activities to the Parliament and Government itself. The main tasks and responsibilities: †¢ Initiating new laws †¢ Controlling and supervising the legal operation of local government in cooperation with the Minister of the Internal Affairs †¢ Ensure the implementation of the law Directing and coordinating the work of the ministries and other central offices placed under its direct supervision †¢ Formulating the social and economic policies, defining the state system of social welfare and health care services, and ensuring sufficient funds for such services †¢ Controlling the armed forces operations Judicial power Hungar ian justice is administered by the courts. Aims of these courts are to protect the rights and lawful interests of citizens, ensure constitutional order and punish the perpetrators of criminal offences. Legality of the decisions of public administration is also supervised by courts. Court system in the Republic of the Hungary divides into two: 1. Ordinary courts, 2. Special courts. The ordinary courts are organized on four levels: the Judgment Boards, the Court of the Capital and the county courts, the Supreme Court of the Republic of Hungary and the last but not the least is local courts. The constitutional order of European Union Legislation There are two bodies responsible for the legislative tasks in the EU. First one is The  Council of the European Union  (officially the  Council  and commonly referred to as the  Council of Ministers) is the principal ecision-making institution  of the  European Union. The Council is composed of twenty-seven  national ministers. The primary purpose of the Council is to act as one of the two chambers of the  EU’s legislative branch. The Council is the main law-making body of the EU (on the initiative of the Commission and in co-decision with the European Parliament). The Council is based in Brussels, but meets at fixed intervals in Luxembourg. Second body responsible for legislative task is European Parliament. The  European Parliament  is the  directly elected  parliamentary  institution of the  European Union. Its essential function is to express the will of the Union’s citizen in the Community decision-making process hand-in-hand with the Council, representing the interests of the Member States. Together with the Council of the European Union, it forms the  bicameral  legislative branch of the EU  and has been described as one of the most powerful legislatures in the world. The Parliament is composed of 736 Member of the European Parliament. It has been directly elected every five years by  universal suffrage. Also the Parliament shares budgetary powers with the Council. It is situated in Strasbourg. The main tasks and responsibilities: The Council †¢ Adopts the annual European Union budged with the European Parliament †¢ Determines European Commissions internal and external policy †¢ Coordinating actions and policies of the Member States †¢ Represents EU in relations with states and international organizations and signs international treaties on behalf of the EC The Parliament †¢ Enacts the EU legislation †¢ Adopts the EU budget (with the Council) †¢ Shares final decision on most proposals with Council (co-decision procedure) †¢ Approval of international agreements Political control and supervision of the Commission †¢ Political control of the Council in external relations by giving assent to all international treaties signed by the Council on behalf of the EC Execution tasks Execution tasks of the  European Union are handling by the  European Commission. The Commission is independent of national governments. Main purpose is to re present and uphold the interests of the Union in general. The Commission is responsible for implementing the decisions of Parliament and the Council. In two words Commission managing the general day-to-day running of the Union like implementing its policies, running its economical, cultural and social plans, spending its funds and so long. The Commission operates as a  cabinet government, with 27  Commissioners (one per state). The Commissioners and their immediate teams are based in  Brussels. The main tasks and responsibilities: †¢ Propose legislation to European Parliament and European Council †¢ Implements European policies and programs †¢ Executes the European budget †¢ Oversees policies of the MS Enforce European law (jointly with the Court of Justice) †¢ Administrate external affairs Judicial power The  European Court of Justice is the  highest court  in the European Union in matters of  European Union law. Its main purpose is to make sure that European legislation is interpreted and applied in the same way in all European countries, so that the law is equal for everyone. The European Court of Justice was established in 1952 and is based in  Luxembourg. The ECJ comprises one judge from each Member State, nominated by national governments and appointed by the common accord of the governments of the Member States. The judges select one member to be the President for three years. The main tasks and responsibilities: †¢ In cooperation with the national courts unifying interpretation of European law through â€Å"Preliminary ruling procedure† †¢ Adjudicates actions filed against European institution or Member State †¢ Adjudicates legal disputes between the European employees and European institutions Conclusions (similarities + differences) The comparison of Hungarian and European legislative bodies shows that in Hungary only one legislative authority (the Parliament) and in European Union two (the Council and the Parliament). However their tasks and responsibilities are almost same, with some specific aspects. In Hungarian Parliament all members are elected by citizens, while in European Union only Parliaments members are elected by citizens of Member States. Further I want to consider differences and similarities of the executive power of Hungary and European Union. Main difference is their competences, in Hungary Government executes the law while European Commission only supervising this process. But overall Government of Hungary and European Commission execute almost the same government tasks (approving the budget, implementing policies and programs and so long). Judicial power of the Hungary aimed to protect the rights and lawful interests of citizens, ensure constitutional order and punish the perpetrators of criminal offences. This court divides into ordinary court and special court. And European Court of Justices is tasked with interpreting European Union law and ensuring its equal application across all  European member states. It is composed of one judge per member state currently 27. In conclusion I want to say that differences in structure and organization of legislation, execution and judicial power are coming from the point that Hungary as a single country must organize such processes only for themselves, taking into account only their interests. And European Union must organize those processes for whole Union; taking into account interests of all Member States. E. g. Law making process in European Union is complicated. Because it must involves the interests of the member states in the Council and the Parliament, with the interests of the Commission. This is a reason why the constitutional order of the European Union is bigger and more complicated. Reference 1. Nigel Foster (2008) EU Law Directions. OUP Oxford Press. 2. Philip Norton (2003) â€Å"National parliaments and the European Union†, Managerial Law, vol. 45, issue 5/6, page 5-25 The Constitution of the Republic of Hungary [online]. [Accessed 9th April 2010]. Available from World Wide Web: 3. Summaries of EU legislation [online]. [Accessed 10th April 2010]. Available from World Wide Web: 4. The European Union [online]. [Accessed 10th April 2010]. Available from World Wide Web: ; http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/European_Union ; How to cite Legal Environment of Business, Papers

Organizational Government & Leadership

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Government Leadership. Answer: Introduction This self-reflection is based on the topic of Power Influence. I have always believed that one of the key traits of leaders is that they exhibit power. I feel that leaders should exhibit power in a positive manner. Personally, I am a big fan of power exhibited by servant leaders. I believe no matter what culture you are attached to, being a servant leader is a mind state. Its ones philosophical beliefs based on their ideology as leader. As a leader you must be know how to be effective, otherwise your role as a leader will be compromised at some point. The three diagnostic tools that I would like to focus as a part of self-reflection can be discussed as: Analysis: Quinn Management Questionnaire The Quinn test has 40 questions that help individuals to assess their personal leadership traits. I took the test and the screenshot of the result can be shown as: The above diagram shows that I have scored best on the dimension of innovation. My top three traits are Innovator (at 71%), Mentor (at 69%) and Coordinator (at 69%). I have always believed that power can be of useful when leaders now the way to service others. Service demonstrates our ability to forget selfishness and be able to help others. Service is a principle of behavior that impacts our interactions with other people and is standard concept of life. An example of how servant leadership crosses religious and cultural ties is to compare a religious organization and a business one. Think about the leader of a church, this person wants what is best for the supports, strives to serve them and help them succeed. They also provide leadership through this process as they grow people through the learning process. The same holds true for a Servant leader in a business. The link to my full results: https://www.ifbd.be/en/quinn_test/results ESCI (Emotional Intelligence Situational Leadership) Leading With Emotional Intelligenceutilizes the EQ-i 2.0 self-assessment to give participants an in-depth understanding of the influence that emotions have on actions and behaviors. This aspect of leadership is linked with the emotions or heart of leaders. With this questionnaire I have learned that I have decent control over my emotions. A leader can subscribe to the ideology of being a leader, but they don't necessarily have to be emotional. In my opinion I believe that if your heart leads to serve people it can be based on your value system, rather than your religion. Some people believe in being kind and helping others because it's the right thing to do, however they may not necessarily be religious. Servant leadership can easily cross cultural lines, however it's definitely not written in stone. I happen to have a strong religious foundation, so I understand what it means to be a servant, however that doesn't necessarily mean that I will subscribe to being a servant leader. Alpha assessment tool The Alpha Assessment is an awareness tool that enables people to rate their Alpha-ness power and influence style and to learn to clearly recognize themselves in one of four distinct alpha types. These four types are strategist, visionary, executor and commander. The result of this tool suggest that I am a strategist and I wish to develop the strategies for organization, business unit or team. As a part of strategies the key things or traits that I can see in myself are persuasion, listening, awareness, and acceptance. These are particularly important in my opinion, because in order to be an effective leader, you must be a good listener. You must also learn to accept peoples differences, rather than being judgmental. Being aware of the needs of your subordinates is also important, because it allows you to provide them with things that they need in order to strengthen their skills (Lapointe Vandenberghe, 2015). Evidence from past 12 months I remember that as a part of a group project in college I was asked to develop the strategy for completion of group project. I lead from the front and developed the strategy. The first step for me was to divide the work and develop the Gant chart with the responsibilities assigned to each of the team member. There was a time when our group was struggling to come up with a business idea. Actually, there was an external competition where people were asked to present a situation and solution. The group members had different ideas; but somehow we were not able to agree on one single idea. Finally, I came up with the idea of bots to be used in mobile advertisements. It was selected as one of the most innovative idea. Therefore, it proves that my survey result (that I am an innovator) is correct. Literature Review Lankshear Kerr (2013) discussed the concept of power for servant leaders. Servant leadership is described as an attitude with values and beliefs that influence the lives of other individuals, as well as, foster and create strong organizational environments that in the end by sharing knowledge and strengths it produces a domino effect of a caring world (Greenleaf, 2016). There are twelve principles of servant leadership, which are the following listening, empathy, healing, awareness, persuasion, conceptualization, foresight, stewardship, growth, building community, calling and nurturing the spirit. The first five main beliefs (listening, empathy, healing, awareness, persuasion) of servant leadership cross religious and cultural lines because regardless of an individuals religion or cultural background, these are all social skills to possess as a leader. Servant leaders pay more attention on service to their subordinates/followers, along with ethical behavior (Parris Peachey, 2013). These types of leaders are committed toward the growth and welfare of people (Choudhary, Akhtar, Zaheer, 2013). As a servant leader, he or she understands the incredible responsibility tasked to do everything in his or her power to nurture the personal and professional growth of the individuals they are serving. Stoll expressed effective leaders are, first and foremost, good teachers. I think this mentality couldnt be more accurate and it cross all religious and cultural lines. Dinh Lord (2014) discussed the relationship between the power exhibited by the leaders and ethical behavior of leaders. Authors argued that leadership, with boardoversight, establishes the ethical values that will guide theirorganization.Authors further notedthat given the recent spate of high profile corporate ethical failures,stakeholders have demanded a greater emphasis be placed on ethical behaviors,which are adopted and internalized by the organizations employees at all levels when they are consistently communicated and modeled. As Daft (2015)observed, organizations have taken a variety of steps to ensure that their employees, from executive management to rank-and-file employees, follow ethical business practices. Manyorganizations have established departments to ensure ethical standards arebeing met. And many have established Clevel executive positions that report directly to the Board. This also adds to the discussion of unethical behavior and the responsibility of board of d irectors of any organization. Daft (2015) states that if at any time the leadership within any organization acts in was that are unethical, the board must act as a governing body that takes corrective action to improve the behavior of that leader or remove that individual. The reason being is that the board of directors must always see to serve the needs of all stakeholders, both internal and external. In other words, when leaders are unethical they can potentially cause harm to the needs and wants of those stakeholders. This in turn may cause the demise of the organization over periods of time. Those actions place more risk on organizational trust with key constituents. Interestingly, while reading about this topic I came across a study warning about boards failure to act prospectively regarding ethical issues among board members, officers, and directors. Apparently a major inhibitor to boards reacting proactively to member misconduct centers upon an underlying current of fear of l egal action from shareholders should proactive actions result in the loss of short-term profits (Rose, 2007). It is very interesting that the fear of lost profits and potential resulting legal action may control a boards willingness to take action prospectively to correct the conduct of an unethical director or officer. Knutsen Brock (2014) discussed the role and linkage of power with empowerment. Authors agree that religion and culture play a significant role in the servant leadership, but individual virtues like humility, trust, altruism, service and empowerment are very important for the servant leadership. Example; empowerment grants individuals the permission to utilize their talents, skills and resources, and experience to make decisions to complete their workloads in a timely manner. Ross, Matteson Exposito (2014) conducted an empirical study contributing to literature on consumers perception of ethical issues as it affects organizational strategy. The researchers described misleading practices on advertising as a perceived unethical business practice by consumers (Ross, Matteson Exposito, 2014). The researchers concluded consumers are likely to evaluate an organization based on the honesty of the organizations business practices (Ross, Matteson Exposito, 2014). As part of the organizations strategy, Ross, Matteson Exposito (2014) advised organizations to declare the organizations ethical practices and to be transparent with consumers on ethical issues. Dion (2012) connected the power exhibited by leaders to the ambidextrous approach as shown by organizations or leaders. According to Dunlap et al. (2016), the utilization of supplier information allows an organization operating under an ambidextrous structure to better cultivate and leverage relationships and information. Dunlap et al. (2016) studied the performance and innovation levels of ambidextrous automotive manufacturers located in Brazil. Dunlap et al. (2016) found firms that incorporated input from external suppliers experienced positive performance and innovation levels. I could see how the utilization of supplier information would aid an organization in output and creativity. When I was younger I worked for a national retail chain that regularly questioned suppliers about market changes and competitor observations. That practice makes very much sense to me in light of our material this week. O'Reilly Thushman (2013) discussed the criticality of aligning the vision with the power. The benefit that OReilly and Tushman (2013) reference from their seminal work on the approach is that it bears out that an organization who uses this approach is able to explore and exploit (p.324) the resources from prior work. Having the ability to look forward, while reaching back to grab tools, enables the business to work more efficiently. Experience has taught this writer that the more proven tools you have at your disposal to do the job right, the easier and more efficient you can be completing the task. Comparatively you can think of trying to change a tire with only a screwdriver available. The screwdriver would not accomplish the direct task of changing the tire, but if the operator used that screwdriver to break open a locked door on a service station to acquire the proper tools, the job would be done. Though the tire is changed, many unnecessary problems arise from using the wrong t ool for the job. Conclusion/ Action Plan Based on the above three questionnaire, I have learned that I have the leadership capabilities of innovation and strategist. At the personal level, I like the leadership style of servant leader. Given a chance, I would like to exhibit the power through servant leadership model. One of the examples for the way power is exhibited through servant leadership is Nelson Mandella. I agree that in todays society servant leadership can be hard to find. If organizations do not implement a servant leadership culture or don't have servant leaders its just not see or demonstrated. In most educational organizations you do see servant leadership. I am sure that I would continue to work on my leadership journey. I have always believed that leadership is not a destination in itself but a journey. It is important to take the learning throughout the journey. With these questionnaire and several other tools, I am sure that I would be able to emerge as a better individual, personally and professionally. I have always believed that leadership is not a destination in itself but a journey. It is important to take the learning throughout the journey. It is important for me to have an action plan in place. I have a six-month action plan in place that would help me to work upon my weaknesses. My plan is divided into four phases. The timelines and various phases of my action plan can be discussed as: Phase Objective Timeline Assessment Phase In this phase, the objective would be to assess my current position in the journey and based on that position decide the targeted position. It is important that serious contemplating should be done in this phase. The initial research suggests that I need to learn patients while exhibiting power as part of my leadership. I would also like to develop my skills in the area of change management 3 weeks Framework Development Phase This is the phase in which a framework is developed that I can use as a platform to improve my leadership skills. I would like to develop a flexible framework where change management is easy. 3 weeks Actual Implementation Once the assessment is done and framework is developed, the next step for me would be to work towards the improvement of my personal skills and traits. I would personally keep a track f my improvement by developing a journal 20 weeks Continuous Improvement This would be the phase where I would focus on continuous improvement of my leadership skills. In this phase I would like to learn from the various examples. I would like to benchmark my leadership attributes and traits against the great leaders of contemporary organizations like Larry Page, Jeff Bezos, etc. 8 weeks The above assessments have been a good learning for me. I have also learned a lot from the literature review. For me, it is critical that I should review my leadership skills and traits at regular time interval. References Daft, R. L. (2015).Organization theory and design(12th ed.) Mason, OH: South-Western, Cengage Learning. Dinh, J. E., Lord, R. G., Gardner, W. L., Meuser, J. D., Liden, R. C., Hu, J. (2014). Leadership theory and research in the new millennium: Current theoretical trends and changing perspectives.The Leadership Quarterly,25(1), 36-62. Dion, M., 2012. Are ethical theories relevant for ethical leadership?.Leadership Organization Development Journal,33(1), pp.4-24. Dunlap, D., Parente, R., Geleilate, J., Marion, T. J. (2016). Organizing for innovation ambidexterity in emerging markets: Taking advantage of supplier involvement and foreignness.Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies,23(2), 175-190. Lapointe Vandenberghe, C. (2015). Examination of the Relationships Between Servant Leadership, Organizational Commitment, and Voice and Antisocial Behaviors. Lankshear, S., Kerr, M. S., Laschinger, H. K. S., Wong, C. A. (2013). Professional practice leadership roles: the role of organizational power and personal influence in creating a professional practice environment for nurses.Health care management review,38(4), 349-360. Choudhary, A., Akhtar, S., Zaheer, A. (2013). Impact of Transformational and Servant Leadership on Organizational Performance: A Comparative Analysis. Journal Of Business Ethics, 116(2), 433-440. doi:10.1007/s10551-012-1470-8 Greenleaf, R.K. (2016). What is servant leadership?. Retrieved from https://www.greenleaf.org/what-is-servant-leadership/ Knutsen, W., Brock, K. (2014). Introductory essay: From a closed system to an open system: A parallel critical review of the intellectual trajectories of publicness and nonprofitness.Voluntas: International Journal Of Voluntary Nonprofit Organizations, 25(5), 1113-1131 Parris, D., Peachey, J. (2013). A Systematic Literature Review of Servant Leadership Theory in Organizational Contexts. Journal Of Business Ethics, 113(3), 377-393. O'Reilly, C. I., Tushman, M. L. (2013). Organizational ambidexterity: Past, present, and future.The Academy Of Management Perspectives, 27(4), 324-338. Rose, J. M. (2007). Corporate directors and social responsibility: Ethics versus shareholder value.Journal of Business Ethics,73(3), 319-331. Ross, D. B., Matteson, R., Exposito, J. (2014). Servant leadership to toxic leadership: Power of influence over power of control. Stoll, S. K. (2014). John R. Wooden, Stephen R. Covey and Servant Leadership. International Journal Of Sports Science Coaching, 9(1), 61-64.

Stigma paper Essay Example

Stigma paper Essay Stigma Paper According to Rosenberg and Travis, the term stigma comes from ancient Greece, where It meant a bodily sign designed to expose something unusual and bad about the moral status of [an Individual] (p. 34) It was also stated that stigmatize people are those marked as bad, unworthy, and polluted because of the category they belong to, for example, because of their disability, or their disability, or their race, sex, sexual orientation, or social class category (p. 34). I dont know if I agree with the moral aspect of the definition as, I personally, define stigma as the worth, or lack hereof, that a society places on a group or individual based on external factors. Any individual, group or society that is considered stigmatize, is ostracizes from society (in various degrees) and for various reasons. Some of the most common reasons throughout history have been disability (rather perceived or real), race, sex, ethnicity, gender, social class and sexual orientation. There are many different group of people who are stigmatize, within a given society, for many deferent reasons. Because there are so many defendant stigma groups and so much variation, I am ongoing to focus on the most commonly stigmatize groupings which are based on peoples race, their ethnicity, their sex, gender differences, social-class status, their sexual orientation and disabilities. According to the Mixed-Race article In the text, Historically, race was grounded in the myth of biologically separate, exclusive, and distinct populations (p. 2). The article suggest that the majority of African- Americans have, on average, 14th European genes based on their ancestry. America is also referred to as a melting-pot of race and culture, which is why there are so any multi-racial individuals and mixed-race families. There are some issues that naturally arise with mixed race families and individuals as they sometimes feel confused about their racial identities. We will write a custom essay sample on Stigma paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Stigma paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Stigma paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Many times this can lead multi-racial individuals feeling like they do not know which part to play in society and/or feeling completely ostracizes from not feeling Like they completely fit into any specific racial category. I am of the pollen that race Is somewhat of an outdated concept as many people are now a combination of different races and Identify themselves more based n culture and socio-economic status. Further, when one considers the fact that race has very little to do with culture, especially in America where culture and race are intertwined and have no barriers, race is a lot less distinguishing factor. According to Race and the Constructions of Human Identity by Audrey Smelled, Ethnic groups have always existed in the sense that clusters of people living in demarcated areas develop lifestyles and language features that distinguish them from others and they perceive themselves as being separate societies with distinct social histories (p. 6). This article particularly focuses on the Asian experience in America and how they are becoming Increasingly polarize. Up until the sasss, Asian-American immigrants were largely polarize due to underestimations and being Isolated Into specific ethnic groups, namely, Japanese, Chinese and Filipino people. Due to Increasing delimitation and a lack of representation, they created the Pan-Aslant ethnicity to create a united front. The Pan-Asian American movements purpose was equality. They have not been as successful as a collective group due to in-house agreements, due to differences in cultural/ethical customs and norms. I dont necessarily think that a united front is the best solution as there are considerable cultural differences in Asian, Japanese, Korean and Filipino cultures. At this point, they all have a large enough American population that they could all form their own groups with the same purpose and have a lot more productivity as they will no longer have the barrier of cultural misunderstandings. I would define a persons sex based on their biological reproductive system. That being said, there are many exceptions o the traditional means of determining ones sex. In Alice Dredgers article Wheres the Rulebook for Sex Verification? , she states that, the biology of sex is a lot more complicated that the average fan (person) believes. Many think that simply look at a persons sex chromosomes (p. 123). This article goes on to discuss how many people are born with both sex organs and their sexual development is based purely on hormones, or a lack there of. In some cases both male and female genitalia are fully developed. In this article they discuss Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome, where omen have both an X and a Y chromosome due to a lack of androgen hormones. These women also suffer from a lack of body hair, a lack of muscle and brain growth as a result of the hormone deficiency. With this syndrome, a person can look male- typical on the outside but be female-typical on the inside, or vice versa (p. 123). Unlike sex, gender is not physical nor is it biological Gender is defined purely based on how an individual sees his or herself. The majority of times those who are and appear to be males identify with masculinity and see themselves as males and males usually identify with femininity and see themselves as females. Gender is usually dictated by what is considered standard behavior for a male or female in any given culture or society. It is generally argued that gender differences are completely socialized and that males and females do not have any inherent differences. The text poses the question, If gender varies across cultures, over historical time, among men and women within any one culture, and over the life course, can we really speak of masculinity or femininity as though they were constant, universal essence, common o all women and all men (p. 118)? I believe that males are inherently more protective and aggressive while females are naturally more nurturing and compassionate. Not saying that this is the case for everyone, but as a whole, I tend to agree with this concept. However, the issues arise when men and women are socialized to display these natural characteristics in negative ways based on colonization from the media, family and peers. Social class is determined by ones economic capabilities as well as their power (relationships with other influential people). In Michael Swigs article Whats Class Got to Do with It? he described the concept of class as the following: We are of course all individuals, but our individuality and personal life chances are shaped limited or enhanced by the economic and social class in which we have grown up and in which we exist as adults (p. 130). This article goes on to describe the differences in the various classes. There are working class individuals who are generally, blue-collar and white-collar (low level) employees who have very little effect on the management or pace of their work environment. They are generally in the reduction and distribution of goods, service industries, skilled/unskilled laborers the middle of the general income distribution. Mostly referring to people who work for a wage but are able to live comfortable, modest lives. This is the largest socio- economic class, so it can range anywhere from a well compensated, unionized laborer or lower management all the way to small business owners who employ up to 500 people. Then there is the upper class or ruling class who generally own large businesses and corporations that employ more than 500 people. These are the Coos, Coffs, and board members who are legitimately rich and have a tremendous reach as far as power and influence as well. I would define sexual orientation as one persons personal attraction to a certain sex or gender. The three most common sexual orientations are heterosexual (straight), homosexual (gay), and bisexual (likes both). There are many reasons that those who are not heterosexual are, and always have been, stigmatize. The most common reason being ignorance. The vast majority of the population is heterosexual and thus ignorant and fearful of any other sexual orientation as they would be considered out of the norm. There have been a lot of jaded studies that have questioned and explored the cause of homo/bisexuality. They have all had various results Some believe that the cause is biological, some have found that it is genetic, others have concluded that it is a socially learned behavior and others think that it is a combination of factors. The main reason that they have been so severely and universally stigmatize is because it is something different that the majority of the population does not fully understand. Especially in Christian nations such as the United States, where people believe that homosexual thoughts and acts are an offense to God in some way. The lesbian, bisexual, gay, transvestite, and questionable community have made great strides as of late Fighting for civil right/liberties. It reminds me a lot of the civil rights movement of the asss and asss because, I see it as the exact same situation. Less than 50 years ago Black people were in the same position, where they were seen as sub-human and interracial relationships, amongst many other civil rights/liberties were seen by the sorority of the population as an absolute abomination. I think that a lot of the people who are currently anti-gay and go out of their way to make it known are going to, eventually, realize that they were being ignorant and hateful and hopefully they will be embarrassed by that and change. That being said, I still think that there is a lot of work to be done before the general stigma is diminished to the point that society as a whole will be that enlightened. In an abstract by Harlan Hahn entitled Toward a Politics of Disability: Definitions, Disciplines, and Policies, she states that Increasingly, the subject of physical disability has emerged as a major focus of research in psychology, sociology and economics as well as in several recent anthologies which combine the perspectives of various disciplines. Yet, disability policy has been virtually ignored by political scientists. That is to say that, despite drawing a lot of attention in academic studies, politicians and political scientist have ignored the issue of disabled individuals. This is a prime example of an extremely stigmatize population. Again, because it does not affect the majority of the population The general public and policymakers do not see it as an issue. The worst part about this group in particular is that, unlike most other stigmatize groups, they cannot disguise their disabilities nor can they advocate for themselves. There are reasons. For whatever reasons, different people are alienated from society because they are different in some way, misunderstood and rejected. The universal issue with all stigmatize groups is that they are rejected because society as a whole would rather reject anything different than to take the time to understand it.

Lead Acetate in Hair Dyes essays

Lead Acetate in Hair Dyes essays The title of my project is A Quantitative Analysis of Lead Acetate in Progressive Hair Dyes. Hair dyes are separated into 3 basic categories: permanent, semi-permanent, and temporary. Temporary dyes can be washed out instantly. As of now, permanent hair dyes are the most popular. They are sub-divided into oxidation hair dyes and progressive hair dyes. The active ingredient for progressive hair dye products is lead acetate. In the U.S, the current regulation says that lead acetate can be used as color additive for hair coloring as long as the concentration is less than 0.6%. The most noticeable difference between oxidation and progressive hair dyes is that progressive dyes are intended to give a more gradual change in hair color Hair dyes work more like paint by covering hair strands with chemical colors or by mixing with the melanin fragments without altering them. In these metallic dyes, it acts as a mordant. As the solution is rubbed on the hair, it penetrates each strand and the Pb2+ ions react with sulfur atoms in the proteins to form black lead (II) sulfide (PbS), which are dark pigments. Lead acetate acts as a carcinogen, and if large amounts or continuous amounts are inhaled, can be hazardous. It is toxic by inhalation or ingestion and the effects are cumulative. Lead damages the nervous, circulatory, reproductive, and nervous systems and this particular form of lead can penetrate the skin and damage the kidneys. Children are the most vulnerable to lead poisoning. There are no childproof caps on the bottles and if it is spilled, unintentional exposure may follow. For example, individuals who lick their fingers or eat after their hands after contamination would ingest the lead acetate. Lead is mainly a threat to young children because they can suffer brain damage and other problems after ingesting even small amounts. However, the FDA allows these dyes to be made with lead acetate because studies found it un...

What is nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

What is nursing - Essay Example Under professional and ethical nursing, the NMC code and nursing accountability is discussed among other issues. The paper also highlights on the personal, social and political context of nursing among other important aspects that have helped to shape nursing as a profession. I will draw on practical experiences in the past to elaborate what others have said about nursing in literature. Nursing is among the most demanding professions. It entails both promotion and protection of the health needs of individuals, families, and communities (Basford, & Oliver, 2003). Since the natural environment is one of the leading causes of infections, nursing also entails protection and management of the natural environment (American Holistic Nurses Association, & Noreen, 2000). Nurses are community and social workers whose principal role is to eliminate illnesses by promoting good health. This entails good nutrition and hygiene. In general terms, nursing roles require the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infections. The four core values in nursing include caring, integrity, diversity, and excellence (Black, & Kay, 2014.). These values are important to ensure that patient care is professional and yields excellent results. Meta-paradigm for nurses is a conceptual framework that involves the client (patients), the environment, nursing and the environment (Dossey, & Lynn, 2009. The client is the recipient of care while the environment entails the internal and external factors surrounding patient care. Health is the client’s degree of wellness while nursing includes the attributes, actions and characteristics of the individual nurse providing care to the client (Butts, & Karen, 2013. The four nursing frameworks work hand in hand to enhance service delivery in the nursing profession. Based on my role as a student nurse and a placement nurse, my experience

Prisoner's Dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Prisoner's Dilemma - Essay Example The states of nature with no organization structures within the civil society are defined by â€Å""solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short" (Binmore 56). Hobbes reaction of individuals in the society with no social institutions and with natural states is further backed by the â€Å"Prisoner’s Dilemma† which also defines the behavior of individuals in the society in its natural state. This theory is founded on the individualism powers in the society. According to the prisoner’s dilemma theory, everyone in the society is after achieving personal interest and thus more individualistic and self-fish. This makes the society less productive that it would have been had all the individual been willing to cooperate for the benefit of the society as a whole. A perfect example is that of ‘free rider’ in the society. Free rider problem is presented in case of public goods which are non-rival and non-excludability. Therefore, once provided, the cost of excludi ng others from consuming it would even be more expensive. This makes some people (free rider) to take advantage and consume the goods without paying to them, hence making the provision of such goods more costly (Binmore 59). According to Hobbes, the most preferred and rational states of nature in a civil society are cooperation and aversion of the natural societal state. Every society that breeds individualism ends up losing on its development course because of the self-seeking nature of the people in such society. According to Hobbes, individuals utilize their rational and natural impulse to engage in social contracts as a way of avoiding the fear brought about by the state of nature. This involves giving up on the right to self-governance. Self-right is traded for sovereign at the expense of the society. Sovereignty comes with authority and power that members of the society are expected to obey whether the

Forces for expansion of Atlantic world and relation to North American Essay

Forces for expansion of Atlantic world and relation to North American colonial history - Essay Example The avenues created by the so launched project created the pathways for the Europeans to migrate into the Americas right from the sixteenth century, they then fought and defeated the native populations and even went to an extent to ensure they were extinct by devouring them completely. These were facilitated by the need for these populations to create and establish European agricultural and urban settlement schemes. Furthermore, the European powers were driven by the urge to impose upon the subjects’ rules and regulations on commerce and trade, land owning and the general political life (Linebaugh, Peter, and Marcus 2000 pg.43). These are the fundamental factors that lead to the transformation of the old world according to the historical fundamentals into the so called new world and hence the Atlantic world. The creation of the Atlantic world was also characterized by the creation of the empires. These were facilitated by the urge and zeal by which commerce and trade was expanding from Europe to America. Other factors being the movement of the population for religious freedom, escape from oppression, adventure with the largest majority of the Europeans moving in search of economic empowerment through the search for economic opportunities (Linebaugh, Peter, and Marcus 2000 pg.67). Therefore, the Europeans immigrants in America attained their settlements through a connection between Europe and America as a result of trade or commerce; this is evident due to the yearly growth in commerce both extensively and in a quite complex manner. These also intensified with the sharp increase in demand for labor in the new world characterized by commerce fueling expansion of trade hence increased migration from the old world to the new world. Increased commerce also became the cause of the increase in slavery in the Americas hence the growth in slave trade between the European America and Africa and these draws us to the fact that the Atlantic world was not only inclusion of the Europe and America but also Africa (Linebaugh, Peter, and Marcus 2000 pg.93). The other major factor that was binding to the Atlantic world is religion. The majority of the American settlers carried their Christian religions from Europe which they maintained. While the Catholics maintained their close ties to the Vatican in Rome where they originated, the Protestants who were the majority in North America were closely linked to their European counterparts. Religion through new ideas and movement spread across the Atlantic like bushfire resulting into the movement of the great revival of the into America, it is important to note that the ideas and movements we are talking about originated from Europe. For example, the great evangelist George Whitefield propelled the movement of the â€Å"Great Awakeningà ¢â‚¬  form great Britain to America in quite a large chunk. The

The definition of children with PMLD

The definition of children with PMLD Children with profound multiple learning disabilities (PMLD) experience barriers to communication and interaction which prevent them having the full opportunity to an appropriate education. It is essential to remember that as they share the same general aims as other children in school'(Ref), that is, they need to progress to the best of their ability. In Saudi Arabia there are very few centers that provide a successful curriculum for children with PMLD (Rectory Paddock School, 1981)Be careful this looks as if Rectory Paddock school is expressing a view about education in Saudi Arabia and it didnt.). Moreover, all/some/many teachers are inexperienced and lack the ability to develop the full potential of children with PMLD. This confirms that I need to establish a greater knowledge of services in the UK and identify the positive aspects. In the past, PMLD in the UK received only rehabilitation programs that included providing basic necessities such as medical treatment and food. Rece ntly, this practice has changed to providing a successful curriculum that focuses on the needs and abilities of the individuals (Lacey Ouvry, 1998). This essay will therefore provide suggestions on how to achieve a successful curriculum for children with PMLD, helping to understand the wider concepts involved and how these children can eventually reach sufficient independence by identifying their individual needs. This essay will present the definition of children with PMLD, followed by the childrens primary needs including their physical, sensory and communication needs. It will then go on to look at the way of organize the classroom and then it is going to explain some of the teaching approach. The definition of children with PMLD Complicated terminology is used to refer to children who have the greatest difficulties with learning e.g. PMLD, severe learning disabilities (SLD), profound learning disabilities (PLD) and severe disabilities. To understand how to educate the children, it is necessary to address more than one of the associated issues which are related with ill defined terms, variables and unstable definitions. The official terms used for dealing with PMLD may be different in various countries. In America the term severe is used for individuals with an IQ of 20/25 to 35/40 and moderate for those with IQ 35/40 to 50/55. In contrast, United Kingdom refers to children with IQ below 50 as having SLD (Porter, 2009). In Saudi Arabia multiple disabilities is a common term used to refer to presence of more than one disability in a child which leads to severe educational problems which includes multiple intellectual disorder, multi-sensory disabilities, multiplicity of disability associated with severe behavioral disorders and severe disabilities (General Directorate of Special education , 2001) ). The term learning disabilities used in the UK should not be confused with terms used in other countries where they have the same meaning as mental retardation or intellectual disabilities. UK calls problems such as dyslexia specific learning difficulties or specific learning disabilities (Rennie, 2007). Another problem which arises is that many believe that SLD and PMLD are synonymous terms. There is a lack of differentiation between profound learning disabilities and multiple disabilities as the two terms have similar needs and come under the same heading of Severe Learning Disabilities (Evans and Ware 1987). Some writers, such as (Aird, 2001) continue dealing with these two terms as synonymous. On the other hand, Swift(2005) defines the two terms differently. He says that SLD refers to children who have emotional needs, some students may use signs and symbols to support their communication and/or sensory impairments in addition general cognitive difficulties and mobility difficulty. On the other hand, PMLD regards to children who present physical disabilities, sensory impairment or severe medical condition. Although there are similarities in the definitions, it is preferred to use PMLD as it is widely accepted in Britain (Ware, 2009). Furthermore, some children with profound learn ing disabilities are described as PMLD whereas there are few people with profound learning disabilities who have no other severe impairments (Ware Healey,1994). To become more aware of this group of children, it is necessary to identify their characteristics. Children with PMLD have profound intellectual impairment and other multiple disabilities including sensory, physical or autism (Lacy Ouvry 1998. To illustrate that, I will use the example of Rett Autism Syndrome displaying an inability to performer motor functional actions including eye gaze and speech and slowed brain function (Pierangelo Giuliani, 2008). However, they are described as not a homogenous group (SCAA, 1996). In my professional practice, I have dealt with children who had severe physical or visual disabilities but did not necessarily have profound learning disabilities and some who had profound learning disabilities with good motor ability, learning, motor and sensory skills and thus needs differed from child to child. Another approach to a definition suggests that children with PMLD are in the first four stages of Piagets Sensory motor development (What is this_ (Clark, 1991). However, from my experience the pre-process stage, which says that the child in this stage can combining attributes samples of common objects and classifying them. Children with PMLD may have the ability to recognize visual word (MAKTON) system and classify the thing that he/she wants to do as an activity. In relation to PMLD symptoms children may have behavior disorders which are challenging for teachers (SCAA, 1996). The association between behavior and physical disability may or may not be a casual one. For example, disability may lead to depression which further increases the level of disability (Marten, 1980). From my experience, behavior is not only influenced by genetic and neurological factors but is due to the negative interaction and relationships between the child and the society. Another approach to categories concentrates on the IQ in classified the person with PMLD whose has IQ level below 20. Recently the World Health Organization adapted a more social model of disability which classify on the individual strength and the social barriers that may compound a disability. Internationally three criteria are regarded as requiring to be met before learning disabilities can be identified: intellectual impairment, social dysfunction and early onset (The World Health Organization WHO, 2001(. On the other hand people with PMLD function equal to or less than one fifth of their chronological age (Sebba, 1988). This is a rather old referenceSome prefer to down play IQ on terms of the students curricular needs; they call someone with severe learning difficulties if he/she attends an SLD or school. It can also consider what happens to children when they leave school, or we may distinguish pupils with moderate and severe learning difficulties by reflecting on the age at wh ich their problems were first identified (Farrell, 1997). (Quite a lot of this section uses some dated material is this because you can see similarities between those debates and the ones now happening in your country.) Criteria for placing pupils into categories have changed over the time. Children who may have had PMLD in the past may be now regarded as having multiple disabilities but not PLD (Ouvry Saunders, 2001). This last consideration is of enormous importance when considering learning with PMLD: children with PMLD are now classified to be more intellectually able. The current percentage of children with PMLD has increased as a result of high level of health care provided (Lacey Ouvry, 1998) where the number of adults with PMLD will raise from 78 in 2009 to 105 in 2026, as in average 3 in 2009 to 5 in 2026 (centre for Disabilities Research CeDR, 2009). The definition has changed over time linked with the changing of the education system from segregation to inclusion. I will illustrate this by references to curriculum access. Around 1971, children with the most profound disabilities in the UK were excluded from education, cared for in wards as they were considered unable to follow the standard curriculum (Clark, 1991; Lacy Ouvry, 1998). However, after this point, some children who attended schools for pupils with LD also had severe physical disabilities require specialized facilities but which would possible to provide in Educational Sub Normal ESN(S) classes (Rectory Paddock School, 1981)., Historically some writers assume that Special Care Units (SCUs) remain the only setting specifically able to provided for children with PLD and additional disabilities in schools catering for severe learning disabilities (Evans Ware, 1987) In contrast, terms special care is not acceptable as the provision provide for PMLD are varied (Sebba, 19 88). In the UK, the curriculum needs have given more attention to other educational aspects (Cline Frederickson, 2009). Children with PMLD may work with P1-P4 in the national curriculum where P scales provide small, achievable steps to monitor progress (Swift, 2005). Some children may even work at P levels 1-3 for the majority or all of their school life (Ware, 2009). It is hard to reach a clear definition which would be used to describe a group of children who share common characteristics with other categories. However, in my view, supported by this evidence, a child with PMLD has multi-disabilities: learning disability and other disabilities. The most important aspect in planning education is to focus on the childrens requirements and needs no matter how this group of learners is defined.. Children with PMLD primary needs which affect their ability to learn Children with multiple disabilities face many problems which challenge adults who work with them. A careful analysis to their needs is required to understand exactly what is preventing progress (Stone, 1995). There is a wide spectrum of special educational needs that are frequently inter-related. They may fall into at least one of four areas: communication and interaction, cognition and learning, behavior, emotional and social development and sensory and/or physical (The Code of Practice, 2001). Physical needs: There is some physical impairment that can be diagnosed from birth: cerebral palsy, spin bifida, congenital abnormalities of the skeleton and other rare neuromuscular diseases (Hogg Sebba, 1986a). PMLD has a lack of independent, muscle spasm, abnormal reflex activity, inability to control bladder or bowels and congenital abnormalities of skeleton which make people feel uncomfortable and cause other problems (Clark, 1991; Hogg Sebba 1986). Physical impairment affects other parts of the childs life: being unable to move well may be at risk of developing distortions of body shape over a period of time (Rennie, 2007; Fulford Brown, 1976). The teacher needs to understand these problems and focus on basic physical therapy in a curriculum plan (Clark, 1991), with a holistic approach (Rennie, 2007) and lifelong commitment which influences the majority of the individuals time at school and home rather than an ineffective ritual (Lacy Ouvry, 1998). Yet this as I believe does not necessarily mean therapy used in traditional ways. Many creative methods a physiotherapist can use in cooperation with the teacher in the classroom in childrens mobility curriculum and teaching methods. Traditional ways should not be taught in the same order (Stone, 1995)What do you mean?. I would suggest using things from everyday environment would be more suitable for physical therapy, merging skills training for recognizing colour and rolling to tr ain muscles by placing the child on a mat between a green and a red ball and asking them to move in the direction of either ball. This way the child learns colour recognition, exercises and s the game. Children learn more quickly if they enjoy themselves. As a child with PMLD spends most of his time at home, therapy can be successful when the parents have major roles in planning and implementing (Lacy Ouvry, 1998). The best way is to raise parents awareness and to make fully participate in the therapy which lead to greater improvement in the child. Sensory needs Children with PMLD often experience sensory problems. There are a number of different needs arising from sensory impairment, one arising directly from the impairment such as visual or auditory impairment (Lacey Ouvey, 1998) which have adverse effects on linguistic development, behaviour, and emotional adjustment, socially isolated and the general quality of a persons life (Clark, 1991; Ellis, 1992). Other problems are often environmental. Parents and teachers can lose interest in interacting meaningfully with their child who does not provide cues or rewards in the form of a smile. From my experience, children with PMLD are often ignored by their peers and teachers who interact with children who communicate more. Hearing impairment and learning disabilities are not clearly separated (Kropka Williams, 1986) and cannot be underestimated as the hearing impairment is not as obvious to an observer as some other impairments (Sebba,1988). In this matter it is primary aim of managing sensory impairments is to try to allow children to have access to the same quality of life and experiences by using whatever hearing and sight they have to the best of their ability or by helping them to make use of their other senses such as touch and smell (Sebba, 1988). Communication needs When I was in the early phases of my training, I remember there was a teacher who sang to a child with PMLD. I wondered why this teacher was choosing to do so when the child could not hear. The child smiled and laughed at the teacher and reacted positively in her presence. It became clear to me that the child needed to have interaction and could communicate in a specific way as he could interpret some sensory information. If communication fails, then other social activities go away as well. Children with profound learning disabilities show massive delays in communication, which makes it hard to communicate, convey ideas and experiences with other people. (Hogg Sebba, 1986) Despite that in fact every child is a unique case, speech is not the only means of communication (Hogg Sebba 1986). Some children who are described as not having the ability to traditionally communicate are able to show preferences when they are given a choice (Glenn? OBrien 1994). This is confirmed by my experience which shows that these children have a lot of stored energy which just needs continuous attention and time to be displayed or disabilities are likely to deteriorate. The code of practice mentions that most children with special educational needs have strengths and difficulties in one, some, or all of the areas of communication. Children will need to continue developing their linguistic competences (Code of Practice, 2 001). With the knowledge that there is no cure(This takes us right into the medical model is that your intention> for these needs, there are many ways to help these children get the best possible outcome for growth and development, to perform any tasks that are necessary in their daily lives to remaining integration in society. Thus we need to build an appropriate program for children with PMLD on an individual basis to meet individual needs, where in the last ten years there has been a big change in the ways of dealing with children with PMLD and schools are now receiving children who have several needs (Lacy Ouvry, 1998). Teaching and learning is complex. Within this discussion, little attention will be given to curriculum content for two reasons. First, the lack of compatibility between the curriculum in Saudi Arabia and England. Second, because for this group of learners focus on effectiveteaching and learning including accede to several different teaching methods is of prome concern. Even if there are good teaching practices put in place, they will not work if the environment is not suitable for learning (Sebba, 1988). Therefore it will focus on how to organize the learning environment where children should be more familiar with the classroom, and anticipate the activities (Ouvry Saunders, 2001). You have introduced t/l first and then the envornment. Is it logical to write the sections in the same order or to re-order these comments? How to organize the learning environment Children will need to overcome classroom obstacles before they are able to start to learn, this can be handled by the establishment of an appropriate learning environment .There are numerous necessary measures to build and maintain an appropriate environment for children with PMLD it is vital that this environment is well organized to suit their needs. Regardless of whether children with PMLD are educated in a specialist environment or in mainstream school, (Ware, 1994) suggests three core principles in the organization of a classroom: the organization of time, people and material in an environment which can all overlap. The physical environment organization The physical environment plays a role in raising childrens motivation to work. Teachers should define each area of classroom and ensure that the environment is not distracting to help the child to learn easily (Byers, 1998) for example, the work area should not include visual distraction which can confuse and have a negative effect on the learning process (Porter, 2002). In addition the size of the room must be considered, if the room is too large or open this can distraction the child (Nind et al, 2001). From my experience I remember that also the small room encourages unsuitable behaviour, teachers was putting the pupils standers behind the door because the room was very smallwhich can make movement in and out of the room difficult; this subsequently upsets the children and made him react in an unsuitable manner. Another matter is organizing the classroom based on the childs needs. For example, it is often a good idea to place children with the most profound physical needs in easily accessible points in the classroom so they can move more freely (Algozzine Ysseldyke, 2006). For children with visual impairments, strip lighting is unsuitable as it does not provide good distinction between different objects, and so spot lighting, colored bulbs or dark areas should be used to show different areas as well as different textures. Furthermore, I have found that it is beneficial for children with PMLD to have a designated seat in the classroom as this promotes confidence and a sense of familiarity (Nind et, al 2001). But which position are the best for seating. A study found that children who functioned at a lower level worked well in a prone position (Park et al, 2005). Other study suggests that position is not simply a matter of optimizing attention, but the impact on other functions, such as hand use and spinal extension (McEwen, 2002). The position of the teacher and the other staff is significant. They should be able to assess the child and their emotions, so that they can help the child sufficiently. If they are behind the child or to the side, they may not be able to see the Children may need help with their medication if they have to take it through the school day (Algozzine Ysseldyke, 2006). The social environment organization Knowledge of the child is very important in the social environment organization, knowing what they like, dislike, how they interact and communicate; education should happen co-actively (Cartwright Wind-cowie, 2005). Teacher also should not become dominant in the relationship; rather, they should help the child learn in their specific way. There are three main models for the teacher/pupil relationship: the teacher dominating, the pupil dominating or a two way dialogue. The third is the hardest, but if successful, the best (Lacy Ouvry, 1998). The final model requires very strict planning and organization in order that it works well. Rewards are also positive in order to build a good social environment. The teacher should understand that some children with PMLD will find standard encouragement techniques, such as cheering, very discouraging and distracting. Therefore, the teacher should observe signals from the child to discern what they like and do not like (Sebba, 1988). Another matter which is very important in the social aspect is that teachers should understand how the child would react to failure, in this way they can prepare for it. (Corker, 1992) suggests that children should be encouraged to see failure not as a result of inability but because of lack of effort or dedication. In this way, they are empowered to change it and succeed in the future. The time organization The most difficult balance to maintain is how to organize time inside the classroom with regards to the curriculum and the ways of teaching. There should be an appropriate division of time between national curriculum, non-national curriculum based activities and therapy (Ware, 1994). I remember from my experience that children have their own schedule divided between the child needs. Expand Another matter, which is widely discussed, is the way of teaching children. Which way of teaching a child with PMLD is more beneficial? Children with PMLD would benefit from being taught in a group. If the children with PMLD are placed together they may become more perceptive and have a greater interest in what they are doing (Hogg Sebba, 1986). Although group work can be effective, in reality can be deceptive. A child who appears to be working in a group may in fact actually be working alone (Bennet Cass, 1988). Some specialists infer that in teaching children with PMLD, there should be group work involved and also individual work this is seen as the most beneficial practice (Ware, 1994). From my experiences whilst the teacher worked with the class as a whole, the teaching assistant would remove a child from the group in order to provide individual focus to that child. This enables effective and beneficial learning for the children as it advantageous for the childs learning to hav e individual attention. The grouping learning a raises the question of how much time should the teacher spend with an individual child compared to how much time spent with the entire class. I think group work is imperative and therefore time should be devoted to this, particularly because children should be encouraged to develop awareness of their peers, this is realized through group work (Cartwright Wind-Cowie, 2005). However, I realize from my experience the specific method influences the way of teaching; whether individually or in a group. (Ware, 1994) mention some examples for effective grouping are suggested, Scripted or Jigsawing which are used with heterogeneous group without losing the benefits of individual work. In addition, there are also issues about whether the same activities should take place at the same time each day or not. There should be a clear routine established and a consistent timetable, especially at the beginning of the day with registration; so that the child knows what is happening and so therefore is not anxious (Corker, 1992 ; Ware, 1994). However, this can sometimes be problematic because it must be accepted that some activities will take longer for children with PMLD to carry out, in these cases certain allowances must be made. (Orelove et al, 2001). There are other issues related to the timetable of the childrens learning, there is no evidence that children will learn best in the morning. There is evidence that children with PMLD may be best taught if they have therapy in the morning so that they are calm for the other activities. Moreover, there is the issue of medicinal side effects and how this can cause problems with learning (Ware, 1994). All this must be taken into account when time planning to keep the attention focused and to help the child to learn. Teaching approaches The special education literature now focuses more on the teaching methods than the curriculum content. I will mention some of the teaching methods which are used. Task analysis in which a task is broken down into manageable pieces with clear objectives, making it easier for the child to learn (Sebba, 1988). Errorless learning, an exercise in which examples are given to the children yet only require only one possible solution, thus increasing the opportunity of reward for the child. Do you agree with errorless learningRecording, where all the practices are planned and recalled so they are then assessed (Hogg Sebba, 1986). Next is the use of ICT to help with communication and with social interaction. Also to aid choice making as it will help with life skills and requires a lot of concentration (Ware, 2009). Using pictures to communicate choice and show correlation between different pictures and objects has often been effective with the use of commands (Porter Ashdown, 2002). There ar e also three main types of holistic approach: conductive education, patterning and coactive intervention (Hogg Sebba, 1986). Acoustic bells can be used to create an intense sound environment to encourage learning and concentration (Mednick, 2007). It is now necessary to evaluate two teaching approaches, intensive interaction and multisensory approach. Because these two methods focus on the children with PMLD which I mention them previously. I will be used as illustrative examples to examine the techniques that can be employed to optimize the learning experience for the child with PMLD. Intensive interaction Teaching children with PMLD is often focused on communication (Ware, 2009) which is fundamental and makes child learn about themselves and others (Hewett Nind, 1998). However, sometimes children with PMLD are taught a way of communication which they cannot understand or which may be limited and therefore unsatisfactory. In my experience, teaching that solely focuses on the core curriculum was only effective for a number of children, leaving others unresponsive to the teacher. During the activity the teacher would help the child physically whilst using different way of communicating, for instance by photo cards, however this may not be beneficial every time. From my reading I have established that these children were entitled to communicate in their own way; they should not have to be taught a standardized way of communication, at least in the initial stages. By using our body language and gaining feedback by watching others reactions (Caldwell, 2008) this makes communication easier as the child will understand that the teacher can understand their emotions. The standard ways of Intensive interaction refers to when the adult working one to one to with the child to mimics any communication behaviour of the learner of by using the childs own method (Watson, 1994) to makes teaching and learning easier (Hewett Nind, 1998), and to develop sociability, communication, cognitive abilities, emotional well-being, constructive interaction with immediate environment and self awareness (Nind Hewett ,1994). I think this is practical and reality, if we see how the mother contact and communicate with her child, we dont compare between children with PMLD with the infant, What I want to highlight, is how the baby feel happy with his/her mother imitations and his reaction and how he continue in communication. The Strategies: There are two studies which say that intensive interaction is a very good way of developing communication and social skills. It must be employed systematically and used efficiently in order for it to be effective (Watson Fisher, 1997; Kellett, 2003). The focus must be on the quality of the interaction sociability and communication and not the outcome (Hewett Nind, 1998). Records must be kept of all interaction so that any changes, even if minute, can be remembered. It is often difficult to do this without records as the changes can be very small (Irvine, 1998). There must be a limiting of numbers of staff and volunteers so that there is routine and the people can all be fully trained to their abilities (Ware, 1996). Intensity, sensitivity and reflection are key in implementing this method. The method encourages awareness of those around the learner, and ignores ideas about tasks and correct or incorrect ideas, and so puts the precedence on the learning process. (Hewett Nind, 1998). Intensive interaction should be used within a group environment to make it more standard and to ensure that abuse allegations do not occur (Nind Hewett, 1994). The process of intensive interaction is included in this. An advantage to adopting this approach is its simplicity; it does not require materials and therefore can be used in the home. What makes this approach more significant is that it can be used easily at home (Irvine, 1998). There are some problems encountered in this methods, the abilities to make a response is sometimes weak. The adult may be tired or the child may anxious (Kellett Nind, 2008) the child may want to continue to interact when no one is available (Irvine, 1998) so it is necessary for the adults to learn to tolerate a delay (Maggs Samuel 1998). Another problematic issue is that Intensive interaction works for some people but not all. So although there are some overriding principles for using intensive interaction, the approach must be changeable and flexible so that the child can achieve the most possible. (Kellett Nind, 2008). However, for those it does work for, it is still very difficult to prove that intensive interaction is the only cause for improvement (Irvine, 1998). The multisensory approach Some children, who have sensory ability such as sight, may not understand how to use it or how to interpret what they see. Thus teachers should help children to use all the senses to enable good learning. One of the ways of the using multisensory approach is the sensory room. This can be described as a reactive environment (Mednick, 2007). There are two ways to define the sensory room or snoezelen () : the actual space and the impact on the child. The space can be characterized by the physical attributes, size and complexity, size of the room is very important so the child does not feel overwhelmed by the space or out of control. The same is for ideas about complexity; there should not be a sensory overload. There is no set list of things which are including in a sensory space, which can include simple materials or complex interactive electronic equipment (Stephenson, 2002). Other physical aspect are the different type of sensory room, there are six primary kinds of rooms: white room, dark room, sound room, interactive room, water room, soft play rooms finally there are outdoor spaces in the gardens each room have aims and goals (Pagliano, 1999). Although the only limitations on these spaces is imagination, the childs likes and dislikes are the primary influence as some might not like a white room but may love a water experience. If the child can exert control over their environment, they will develop control and autonomy and greater self confidence (Stephenson, 2002). The other aspect of the definition is the impact on the childs ability, which includes good communication, movement, cognitive ability, emotions, behavioral changes, life skills and good expressive arts (Longhorn, 1988). This makes it one of the most effective methods to teach a child with PMLD because it makes learning easier (Fowler, 2008) and fun for

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